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政策不友善 蒙古身障者難出頭
週一, 28 11月, 2011 – 12:21 | No Comment
政策不友善 蒙古身障者難出頭

本文轉載自台灣立報
據《歐亞網》報導,22歲傑出青年查唯多吉(Munkhtulga Tseveldorj)出版過2本詩集,目前正準備第3本,他是蒙古藝術與文化研究所(Mongolian Institute of Arts and Culture)圖書館管理計畫的學生,也是蒙古身障者中鮮少就讀大學的人。
雖然查唯多吉能夠去讀書,但上課跑堂對他卻是一大挑戰。他出生時因腦性麻痺造成行動不便和表達障礙,但他樂觀表示,這不會對他的靈感造成限制。
在蒙古,許多肢體障礙的人只能待在家裡,因為大部分的公共基礎設施缺乏身障者專用的設施,僅是5個台階的學校入口對坐輪椅的學生都是遙不可及的地方。
蒙古輪椅使用者協會的巴特(Chuluundolgor Bat)表示,烏蘭巴托只有部分建物建置殘障坡道,她說自己能夠順利讀完大學,都要感謝家庭的持續支持。她在16歲因事故而截肢,「唸書時,身旁總有家人陪伴我到高樓層的教室上課,不是每個人都那麼幸運,有家人供應時間和金錢。」她說。
蒙古在2009年時簽署《聯合國身心障礙者權利公約》,起草了身心障礙人士在憲法中的權利,例如融合教育、可近的公共交通和工作權。為身障兒童爭取權益的身障兒童家長協會(Association of Parents of Disabled Children)執行長山甫(Selenge Sambuu)卻表示,以現存機制去執行或監督法令的效果非常薄弱。
錯誤診斷 阻兒童發展
山甫說:「孩童如果獲得恰當的調查及診斷,並區分不同的殘缺情況,就不會發生問題了。」他指出,最常發生狀況就是素質不良的醫生和老師做出錯誤判斷,將學生的不良狀況當作是某種殘缺。
她說,村莊中的兒童在出生時被當地醫療工作者認定為腦性麻痺,但孩子長大到16歲又被德國醫師診斷為自閉症。「不正確的診斷如同關上了兒童發展的門窗,這些兒童須早期介入來協助他們。」她說。
許多肢體障礙的學生被主流教育體系拒絕在外,也經常被送到特殊學校過著與社會隔離的生活。體制內的學校可以提供身障學生一個激勵的環境,接觸和認識肢體功能正常的學生,山甫說:「當孩子明白身障生除了身體損傷,此外和其他人都是一樣的,他們會和成人一樣,不會對身障抱持負面態度。」
求職碰壁 生存陷危機
但實際狀況是許多身障兒童無法去上學。據社會福利和勞工部於2008年進行的調查,只有21%的身障兒童進入體制內的教育,5.8%的身障兒童就讀特殊教育學校,其餘近7成5的孩童可能都沒有上學。
這種隔離狀態的主因是貧窮的惡性循環。國家社會福利辦公室(The State Social Welfare Office)估計,蒙古有近8成的身障者生活在貧窮線之下,每位身障人士每月獲得政府提供約新台幣7百元的津貼與每季約新台幣7百元的醫療補助。倡議人士則表示,大部分身障者無法負擔其所需的治療。
巴琪梅格(Zulaa Batchimeg)的5歲女兒依姆琴(Emuujin)出生後即被診斷為先天發育不良,家裡為了治療她耗盡家財且負債累累。
最近一次手術與藥費花了約新台幣24,345元,儘管蒙古有免費醫療照護,巴琪梅格仍得去借錢才能為依姆琴進行額外的特殊手術和治療。
身障成人在年輕時被正規體制內的學校排拒在外,導致就業前景黯淡,蒙古身障者工會(Trade Union of Disabled Persons of Mongolia)針對6萬9千名身障者進行調查,只有2%左右的人獲得給薪工作。工會會長陸文思丹巴(Enkhbayar Luvsdamba)說:「有工作的身障者大部分人是因事故造成障礙程度較輕微的人。」先天性的身障者幾乎難以找到固定工作。
蒙古政府規定,企業每26名員工就必須聘僱1名身障者,違反規定的雇主每少1名身障員工就必須繳交50%的最低薪資(約新台幣1,650元)給身障者社會福利基金。不過,這項法令並沒有真正改變職場環境對身障者的態度,陸文思丹巴說:「大部分公司寧願繳交罰款,也不想花費時間成本安排一名身障者就業。」